Summary of recent progress in the field of diabetes research (12.25) December 25, 2017 Source: WuXi PharmaTech 1. JAMA : Artificial intelligence screening for eye diseases, hopefully benefiting nearly half of diabetic patients Diabetes is a worldwide chronic metabolic disease. Complications from long-term hyperglycemia include cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetic retinopathy, and more. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, up to 45% of diabetic patients have a certain degree of "diabetic retinopathy", which is a dysfunctional angiogenesis in the eye, which is the main cause of blindness in working-age adults. the reason. One of the challenges in screening for this type of eye disease is the lack of trained professionals who can correctly assess retinal images. If you can use machine analysis, it will greatly speed up the diagnosis and treatment. Recently, researchers from Singapore have tried to use artificial intelligence to accomplish this task. The related paper was published in the American Medical Association magazine JAMA. The researchers collected 494,661 retinal images from China, India, Malaysia, and the United States, belonging to Latinos, African Americans, and Caucasians, and trained the Deep Learning System (DLS) to identify and detect possible diabetes. Pictures of retinopathy, glaucoma, and aging-related macular degeneration (AMD). After the identification was completed, the researchers compared the recognition effects of artificial intelligence and human evaluators. The results show that the artificial intelligence system has a high accuracy rate in these serious eye diseases. The researcher believes that more research is needed to assess how DLS can be used in health care settings to improve the outcome of vision treatment. 2. Sanofi: The first "me-too " short-acting insulin is approved by the FDA Recently, the US FDA approved Sanofi's short-acting insulin injection Admelog (insulin lispro injection), which is used to improve glycemic control in adults and children over 3 years of age. It is worth mentioning that this is the first short-acting insulin approved as a follow-on product ("follow-on" product) and is also considered to be the "me-too" version of the currently approved short-acting insulin. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are more than 30 million people with diabetes in the United States. Their metabolism is abnormal and their blood sugar levels are higher than normal. Over time, patients will have serious health risks, and the risk of heart disease, blindness, nerve damage, and kidney damage will increase. Currently, a common treatment for diabetes is insulin therapy. It controls blood sugar and reduces the risk of long-term complications. Admelog is a short-acting insulin product that helps people with diabetes control their blood sugar. In general, patients who use short-acting insulin before meals can control their blood sugar levels after meals. This type of insulin can also be used in insulin pumps to meet the blood sugar control needs of patients during meals. For patients with type 1 diabetes, short-acting insulin and long-acting insulin (maintaining daily insulin levels) are necessary to effectively control blood sugar. One of Admelog's concerns is that it is the first short-acting insulin approved for marketing through the 505(b)(2) route. This is a new attempt by the US FDA. New drugs submitted in this way will be evaluated for safety and efficacy based on new drugs approved by the FDA or published literature. Once scientifically verified, it is expected to be approved. This policy aims to shorten the process of new drug development and reduce costs, so that patients can use cheaper new drugs. Compared with Humalog (insulin lispro injection), the US FDA believes that the safety and effectiveness of Admelog is well scientifically proven. Based on data from two large Phase 3 clinical trials, the US FDA approved the new drug in September this year and eventually approved its listing. ▲ Dr. Scott Gottlieb, FDA Director (Source: FDA official website) “One of my key policies is to increase the competitiveness of the prescription drug market and help low-cost alternatives to enter the market. This is the case for insulin, which is used by hundreds of Americans every day and that requires lifelong management of chronic diseases. Especially important,†Dr. Scott Gottlieb, FDA Director, commented: “In the next few months, we will discuss additional policies to help ensure that patients continue to receive low cost from approved new drugs through FDA shortened processes. Benefit from safe and effective alternative medicines." 3. Scientists establish a diabetes model that mimics the mechanism of tissue damage Recently, a team of researchers from Ural Federal University (UrFU) in Russia developed a model for studying type 1 diabetes to study the recovery process of the pancreas. The results of this research will help develop new therapies for diabetes. The paper was published in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. Diabetes is a disease that has a huge impact on the world. According to statistics, about 400 million adults worldwide are affected by diabetes, and about 100 million of them are in China. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5%-10% of all cases of diabetes. Impaired islet beta cells in such patients result in the inability to produce enough insulin to cause diabetes. Currently, patients can only control their condition by injecting insulin for life. High levels of glucose in the blood of type 1 diabetic patients activate oxidative stress, a process by which free radicals destroy proteins, lipids, and DNA molecules. Another mechanism of tissue damage associated with diabetes is the non-enzymatic glycosylation (glycation) of proteins, in which glucose interacts with the amino groups of the protein without the involvement of enzymes. In healthy people, this response is slow, but if the blood sugar level is too high, the rate of saccharification will increase and irreversible damage will be caused to the tissue. UrFU researchers have tried to find a compound that reverses free radical damage to cells. To this end, they decided to find compounds that would eliminate diabetes-related metabolism (oxidative stress and protein saccharification) and immune inflammatory responses. They found a 1,3,4-thiadiazine compound synthesized in UrFU and tested it in a diabetic rat model. This compound has antioxidant and anti-glycation effects. The results showed that this compound reduced the levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin in the blood of rats and increased insulin levels. “We decided to prevent and treat diabetes by using synthetic anti-diabetic compounds, so understanding their role at the cell, tissue, organ and body levels is very important to us,†said UrFU, head of the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics. Dr. Irina Danilova said: "A compound that blocks the pathogenesis of diabetes-related tissue damage has the potential to be converted into a drug that treats this socially significant disease." 4. New discovery! This protein in the blood predicts the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease Researchers at Lund University in Sweden have recently discovered that the presence of death receptors in the blood can be used to detect the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Professor Jan Nilsson, who led the research, said: "We have seen that people with known risk factors such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia also increase the level of death receptors." The paper was published in the peer-reviewed online magazine EBioMedicine. ▲ Professor Jan Nilsson (Source: Lund University official website) The death receptor is a group of cell surface markers belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. When they bind to a ligand, they can transmit apoptotic signals to the interior of the cell. Death receptors are activated under certain conditions, such as in white blood cells that have struggled with the virus and are waiting to be removed. The aim of the study was to investigate whether death receptors could serve as a marker to monitor ongoing tissue damage and thus predict the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. "When beta cells are damaged, insulin production is reduced, which increases the risk of diabetes. This damage activates the repair process in the blood vessels. If these processes are not effectively treated, they usually lead to the formation of plaques in the blood vessels (arteries). Hardening), plaque cracks are the main cause of myocardial infarction and stroke," Professor Nilsson said. Studies have observed increased cell death in type 2 diabetes and arteriosclerosis, and increased cell death may be associated with increased blood levels in three different members of the "death receptor family" (TNFR-1, TRAILR-2 and Fas). Association. The study analyzed blood samples from 4,742 people from the Malmö Diet Cancer study and explored the relationship between different risk factors (age, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose and blood pressure) and death receptors TNFR-1, TRAILR-2 and Fas. . The researchers also analyzed samples from the 1990s comparing their risk of developing diabetes, heart disease and stroke over the next 20 years. The results show a clear link between death receptor levels in the blood and different risk factors. High levels of death receptors are common in diabetic patients, indicating increased cellular stress and risk of damage to different organs. In non-diabetic patients, high levels of death receptors are associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This suggests that the level of death receptors in the blood reflects the damage caused by risk factors in different organs. The presence of death receptors in the blood can be used to measure ongoing tissue damage and predict the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Reference materials: [1] Artificial intelligence detecting diabetic retinopathy and related eye diseases among patients [2] FDA Approves Sanofi's Admelog® (insulin lispro injection) [3] Russian scientists developed new approaches to treating diabetes [4] Death receptors' -- New markers for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease Original Title: Summary of Recent Progress in Diabetes Research (No. 46) Food additives are substances added to food. Some additives have been used for centuries. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the twentieth century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin. Food Additives,Natural Food Additives,Food Additives Preservatives SINOCHEM PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD , https://www.sinochemnutrition.com
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