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I. Morphological characteristics of straw mushroom
The shape of straw mushroom can be divided into two parts: mycelium and fruit body. The mycelium was observed with the naked eye as pale white, translucent, filiform, branched, and the fruiting body was a white smooth spot just after it was formed. The bud was formed after 1 to 2 days, and the stipe was elongated after 3 to 4 days. Break through the mycotoxin and become a fruiting body of a mature open umbrella. The fruiting body is composed of four parts: cap, pleat, stipe, and bacillus.
Second, the living conditions of straw mushroom
1. Nutrition: The nutrients needed for straw mushroom are mainly carbohydrates, nitrogen and various minerals, but also need a certain amount of vitamins. Such as sugar, starch, hemicellulose and cellulose; organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen; potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, manganese, magnesium and other mineral elements. In general, the nutrients required for straw mushroom can be obtained from cottonseed husk, waste cotton, rice straw, cow dung, bran, rice bran, bagasse, and soil.
2. Temperature: Volvariella is a type of high-temperature fungi. The temperature range for mycelium growth is 20-40°C, and the optimum temperature is 32-35°C. Below 20°C, the growth is very weak, and the growth stops at 10°C. Below 5°C or Mycelium died quickly above 45°C. The temperature range of the fruiting body is 25-35°C, and the optimum temperature is 28-33°C. Below 20°C or higher than 35°C, the growth and development of the fruit body is unfavorable.
Straw mushroom is a kind of thermostatic, solid-type fungus, which is very sensitive to changes in the outside world during the developmental period of the fruit body. The hot and cold climate is extremely detrimental to fruit body growth. During the cultivation season, the required temperature is stable above 20°C, otherwise the yield is not high and unstable.
3, moisture: lack of water caused by drought, yield is not high. Excessive water and poor ventilation, inhibition of breathing, resulting in a large number of death of mycelium and buds. It has been proved that the moisture content of the culture material is suitable for the growth of straw mushroom mycelium at 60% to 65%, and the maximum must not exceed 70%. The development of fruiting bodies requires the relative humidity of the air to reach 85% to 90%, more than 95% of straw mushrooms are perishable, and susceptible to infestation with miscellaneous bacteria, less than 80%. Straw mushroom grows slowly, the surface is rough, lacks luster, and the yield is low.
4. Air: Sufficient oxygen is an important condition for the normal growth and development of the straw mushroom. Oxygen deficiency, carbon dioxide accumulation is too much, often due to respiratory depression caused growth to stop or die. Therefore, at the time of cultivation, the place where air convection should be convection should be selected. Ventilation is too large, moisture is easily lost, and it is also detrimental to the growth of straw mushroom.
5, pH (pH): straw mushroom hi alkaline environment. Shoot mushroom spore germination, pH 6 ~ 7.5 is appropriate. Mycelium has a wide adaptability to pH, and can grow at pH 4 to 10.3. The fruit body is suitable for pH8 growth. The pH of the culture formulation is preferably 7.5?8.
6, light: the growth of mycelium does not require light, direct sunlight but will inhibit the growth of mycelium. The formation and development of fruiting bodies requires some scattered light. The light intensity is strong, and the fruit body is dark and shiny, robust, strong in disease resistance, and dense in organization; the lack of light causes the fruiting body to be gray and dull and even white, and the body of the mushroom body is also loose. However, strong direct light has a severe inhibitory effect on fruiting bodies. Therefore, outdoor cultivation of straw mushrooms must cover the straw.
Third, the cultivation technology of straw mushroom
1, the determination of the cultivation season
According to the temperature requirements of the growth and development of straw mushroom and the local climate characteristics, the indoor bed frame cultivation, the sowing period from late June to early September; outdoor plastic shed or greenhouse cultivation sowing time should be selected from early July to late August . After the general "out of plum", it began to pile materials. The straw mushroom has a short growing period. It usually takes about one month from sowing to harvesting, so it can be cultivated continuously at the same cultivation field for 2 to 3 inches.
2, culture formula and composting
Cottonseed husks, waste cotton, and straw can be cultivated with straw mushrooms, but no fresh mildew is required. Exposure 2 to 3 days before stockpiling to kill germs and pests. When adding spices, add 5% of lime powder and mix lime powder with lime water. Wet cotton husk or waste cotton piled into a stack of 1m high, 1.5m wide, and unlimited length. Tap a few holes to make a few holes with a bamboo rod to facilitate ventilation and promote microbial activity. Then cover the plastic film. On the third day, it was piled up once for a total of 5 to 6 days. Before sowing, 0.1% carbendazim was added. The carbendazim solution was sprayed with a sprayer and sprayed while turning over the material to achieve uniformity. The pH of the heaped material is measured. If the pH is less than 8, lime water is required to adjust the pH of the culture to 8-9.
3, scaffolding to do
Choose a high geography, convenient drainage, and build a shed near the water source. The roof is 1.3 meters high, 2 meters wide, and 8 meters long. A 0.4 meter wide and 0.3 meter deep walkway is left in the middle of the shed. On each side, 0.8 meters wide is reserved for the mushroom bed. The bamboo bed is used for scaffolding to cover the agricultural film. Grass blinds. Open a drainage ditch around the shed. Before sowing, the mushroom bed was sterilized with 5% lime water.
4, sowing and management
Spread the prepared culture material on the bed with 25 to 30 pounds per square meter, depending on the temperature. If the temperature is high, the material is slightly thin and the temperature is low, the material may be thicker. Pave the ridge or wave type. The strains were sowed and used 10% of the seeds. They could also be calculated in square meters. 2 bags of bacteria were used per square meter. Slightly compacted after sowing, covered with a thin film, insulation and moisture. The management of the germination period is mainly to coordinate the contradiction between ventilation, heat preservation and moisturizing. The straw mushroom is an aerobic fungus, and the oxygen demand is relatively large. Therefore, the number of days covered by the mushroom is generally controlled at 2 to 3 days. If the material temperature exceeds 36°C, the membrane should be uncovered, the temperature should be below 36°C, and ventilation should be performed 2-3 times a day for 0.5 hours. In order to facilitate management, 4-5 days after sowing (mycelium covered with a bed surface), cover soil, about 1cm soil layer, that is not exposed husk is appropriate, soil particles should be fine. After covering the soil, it was sprayed with a 1% lime water clarifier to keep the soil particles moist. On the eighth to tenth days after sowing, the primordium was formed. After the straw mushroom is formed, it is not possible to directly spray water on the mushroom body, and spray water or water in the air or on the ground, so that the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house is kept above 85%.
5, harvesting and tide management
The straw mushroom grows fast and generally takes only 4-5 days from the formation of the primordia to harvesting. The base of the mushroom body begins to elongate and is harvested when the decidua is not broken. During the harvest period, it is harvested twice a day. Head tide mushroom general bioconversion rate reached 20%.
Due to the rapid growth of mycelium and rapid aging, straw mushroom harvests 2 to 3 tides, and the total bioconversion rate is 30 to 40%. The first tidal mushroom was harvested, and the bed should be cleaned up in time to dig up dead mushrooms and mushroom stalks. Then spray 1% lime water to adjust the pH value of the culture material and increase the moisture content of the material. The film is coated for 1 to 2 days, and the second tidal mushroom is generally exposed after 5 to 7 days. After the mushrooming management ibid.
6, straw mushroom early, delayed cultivation
Choosing a well-insulated house or a bubble house or a shed as a cultivation site is conducive to warming and heat preservation. Coal or briquettes are used as heating fuel. Pipeline heating, pay attention to the combustion exhaust to the outside. The use of shelf cultivation, add water, strengthen insulation and ventilation management.
Other management techniques are the same as conventional straw mushroom cultivation.
Cultivation technology of straw mushroom
The cultivation of straw mushroom originated in South China, and has been cultivated for more than 200 years. The straw mushroom not only has tender and fleshy meat, but also has a delicious taste and high nutritional value. It is rich in protein, essential amino acids, and vitamin C. Regular consumption of straw mushroom can enhance the body's immunity to diseases, there is a certain degree of anti-cancer treatment, lower plasma cholesterol, blood pressure lowering effect; it is also a good food for diabetic patients, it is a delicious and healthy food, Domestic and foreign markets are extremely popular. Cultivation of straw mushroom has significant economic benefits, and the general input and output ratio can reach 1:2 to 3, which is a very promising industry.